Compozed Fertilizers and its Usage
Essentially it is not a fertilizer type, but fertilizers covering two or more plant food stuffs are called as composed (mixture) fertilizer. Composed fertilizer is expressed due to % of the plant materials N-P205 and K2O in its content. Composed fertilizers provide easiness and economy in practice since they cover some food stuffs. But in case the food stuffs percentage in fertilizer mixture is not being suitable for food stuffs material demand of plant to be grown, their usages cannot be provide expected benefit. And in case the application of food stuffs is needed in separate times and methods, composed fertilizer is not used.
Composed Fertilizers Used Widely in Our Country
20.20.0 COMPOSED FERTILIZER
Is the mostly used fertilizer type in our country. There are 20 kg pure nitrogen and 20 kg phosphorus acid (P2 05) in its 100 kg. In its content, fertilizer having high solubility degree of (P2 05) in water is preferred to other. In 20.20.0 composed fertilizer having ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source, there is also sulfur coming from ammonium sulfate. Hence, this fertilizers are preferred to meet the sulfur need of plants.
15.15.15. COMPOSED FERTILIZER
The most suitable one is composed fertilizer for soils and plants needing potassium. There are 15 kg pure nitrogen and 15 kg phosphorous acid (P2 05) and 15 kg potassium oxide (K2O) in 100 kg of this fertilizer. This fertilizer should be used in soils needing potassium after making soil analysis. In soils that rich for potassium, other composed fertilizers should be used instead of 15.15.15 fertilizer.
DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (DAP)
DAP is the fertilizer having most food stuffs among fertilizers produced in our country. There are 18 kg N, 46 kg P2O5 in its 100 kg. More than 90% of phosphorous included by it has feature of solubility in water. Color of DAP fertilizer changes due to acid used in; is usually in black, dark gray or dirty white. After it is applied to soil it can benefit from phosphorous and nitrogenous in its content immediately. It can be applied to all plants successfully. It is suitable for wheat especially. To apply in form of band to seed depth during the planting is the most suitable application form. It can usually be given less than 18 kg for per decare. It can be kept in stores having low relative damp for years.
PHOSPHOROUS FERTILIZERS
are fertilizers having phosphorous in their content. These fertilizers:
- Provide the formation and development of root.
- Hurry the maturation of plants.
- Increase the quality of product.
- Prevent the falling of grains.
- Increase the productivity.
- Increase the resistance of plant against aridity.
- Increase the resistance of plant against sicks.
- Grains become full
SYMPTOMS THAT APPEAR IN LACK OF PHOSPHOROUS FERTILIZERS
- Plants dwarf. Branches and leaves do not grow exactly.
- Stems become poor, root growing and rising head in grains become limited.
- Plant leaf become in color of dirty green and reddish.
- Growing of offshoots, blooming and budding at fruit trees slow.
- Productivity decrease.
- In case excess phosphorous fertilizers is applied, no side effect was observed.
Phosphorous Fertilizers Used Widely in Our Country
TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE
There is water soluble phosphorous acid in its content about 42-44%. This fertilizer founds mostly in granule formation in gray or dirty white colors It becomes coagulated in case it is kept in damp places for a long time. TSP fertilizer should be applied to soil immediately before planting or during planting and should be buried in depth of seed.
POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS
Are fertilizers having potassium in their content.
- Increase the resistance of plant.
- Increase the quality of product.
- Hurry the maturation of plant.
- Increase the productivity.
Potassium fertilizer consumption is limited since soil of our country is usually in sufficient position to potassium. Potassium fertilizer should be used in places needing potassium after making soil analysis.
SYMPTOMS THAT APPEAR IN LACK OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS
Lack of potassium shows itself especially in young plants. Potassium plays an important role in getting water and food stuffs of plants. In plants not getting enough potassium from soil, the storage event (turgescence) by getting sufficient water. Hence, the leaves wrinkle, hang down and their edges get fist green then brown color and death tissues form.
SYMPTOMS THAT APPEAR IN EXCESS OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS
Plant cells swell by getting water. Water loss by sweating decreases. Productivity of offshoot slows. The symptom forms rarely in woody plants.
POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS USED WIDELY IN OUR COUNTRY
POTASSIUM SULFATE
There is K2O of 50% potassium sulphate. It is in crystal grains in dirty white. The important product increase is provided when it is used in soils having less potassium nitrate. Since potassium sulphate has chemical neutral reaction, there is not any important effect on soil pH. Slight acidity is observed in case it is used for long times. Plant benefits from K2O in Potassium sulphate. Although effect of potassium sulphate is quick but its washing by rain and irrigation waters is also quick.
APPLICATION METHODS AND TIMES OF FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZATION METHODS
To benefit from fertilizers in optional manner, the method and time to application of fertilizers to soil and product have extreme importance. Correct selection of method of application of fertilizers increases the effectiveness degree of fertilizers.
Essentially six methods are applied to give fertilizer. These:
- Fertilization as top dressing
- Band Fertilization (as stripe)
- Over and side application
- Spraying onto leaves
- Application by irrigation water
- FERTILIZATION AS TOP DRESSING
By this method, fertilizers can also be applied after slight growing of plants as well as applying by being scattered or spread regularly on surface of soil by hand or machine immediately before ploughing or planting. Then fertilizers are covered by cultivating. Fertilization as top dressing can be applied under these conditions:
Is applied to plants planed in line or that line intervals are left widely.
So, fixation is prevented since contact surface of applied fertilizer to soil decreases. And this method is applied when fertilizer is needed to apply in little amount in region where plants having weak root system are grown and in soil having low productivity. Many investigations both in our country and other countries show that to apply fertilizers in band is the best. When fertilizer is applied on band, the roots of young plant not grown sufficieTRYy benefit easily from this fertilizer near it and grow faster. On the other hand, plant food stuffs in fertilizer applied on band (especially phosphorous) continues to be useful to plant.
OVER AND SIDE FERTILIZATION
Previously added plants are fertilized over and side directions after they rise on soil surface. This method is used mostly in application of nitrogenous fertilizers used in early spring. Over fertilization is made by being scattered over plants, side fertilization is made by applying it in line intervals.
SPRAYING ONTO LEAVES
Commercial fertilizers are usually applied onto leaves as solution when lack of micro element is seen in fruit tree and culture plants. This materials reach by entering via cuticula or pores of leaves. It is applied in region having very hot or cold climate. N.P.K. is given limitedly While fertilizers are given as solution, not being wet of leaves should be taken into consideration. It is possible to apply with struggle drugs. But, it is the matter not giving fertilizers with drugs having calcium, sulfur or just sulfur. When lack of nitrogen is seen, it is possible to apply onto leaves mostly as UREA.
FERTILIZATION BY IRRIGATION WATER
In this method, the fertilizer mixed with irrigation water is given to soil. Fertilization with irritation water is applied mostly plants as citrus, sugar beet, clover. It has disadvantages as well as advantages. For example, its effect is lesser than scattering or applying on band since fertilizers having phosphorous are less water soluble. Potassium fertilizers can be applied by irritation. Not being very limy of irritation water should be taken into consideration.
TIME TO APPLY FERTILIZERS
Time to apply fertilizers into soil changes due to soil, climate and growing plant. Soil affects the application time of fertilizer significaTRYy by its physical, chemical, and biological features. The essential one is to present sufficient food stuffs near roots during germination of seed. The most important measure to be taken as base in determination of fertilization time is this.
Otherwise, the success expected from fertilization can not be so high. Hence, to offer a standard calender on time to apply fertilizer is not possible. But to state some matters generally on application time of NPK from basic food stuffs elements is possible.
TIME TO APPLY NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS
Since nitrous fertilizers are so active in soil, they can suffer loss by flying in gas form or washing by excess rain and irritation water. To prevent such loss and to present it in soil in time when the plant needs to food stuffs at the most, sometime whole necessary N amount should not be applied in one part in planting but in a few parts in different growing stages.
Nitrogenous fertilizers having less loss in soil as A. Sulfate and Urea are used by planting in grains. Before period of being brother, especially CAN and in case of not supplying this fertilizer, UREA fertilizer should be used before rains. Places where wheat agriculture is made widely, second N (Nitrogen) application should be given up in aridity years. In depth structured and well fallowed soils, it is compulsory to use sufficient nitrogenous fertilizer in normal raining years.
When lack of nitrogen is seen in fruit tree, UREA in concentration of 0.5-1.0% must be applied by spraying before blooming and in fall. And to satisfy lack of nitrogen in fruit trees, nitrogenous fertilizer is scattered surface under tree corolla (on condition of excepting area 0.5m around trunk) and then mixed into soil by dredge or hoe. Furthermore, in case the processing the line intervals is possible by tractor in fruit and citrus gardens, it can be given to first year lines in direction of north-south and second year lines in directions of east-west during the processing soil. In fertilization of vineyards; a half of A. Sulfate and CAN from Nitrogenous (N) must be given during processing soil in February or March and Nitrogenous (N) fertilizers as UREA must be given in firs hoeing.
In vegetables, it can be given in 1 or 2 times by taking vegetation period into consideration. A half of nitrogenous (N) fertilizer preferably as A. Sulfate to be given is mixed slightly to soil 5-10cm near trunk after 15 days from planting and other half after fruit is fastened. In farming of truck garden (melon, watermelon), a half of nitrogenous (N) fertilizer must be applied near hearth lines and at planting time and planting must be done. And II. half of nitrogenous (N) fertilizer must be scattered around hearths or applied near lines before hoeing.
TIME TO APPLY PHOSPHOROUS FERTILIZERS
Since some soils of our country have acidic characteristics and some soils are limy, phosphorous fertilizers given to this soils fasten in soil in form that plants cannot benefits from it easily by the time. Hence phosphorous fertilizers should not be applied to soil immediately before planting or during planting and should absolutely be buried into soil.
If phosphorous fertilizers will be applied long before planting or at advanced period of plant developments, benefit expected from this fertilizers cannot be provided.
Phosphorous fertilizers act a little in soil. Phosphorous is necessary for root development. Most of fertilizer given can be taken by plant roots within 1mm area within 10 days. And in advanced periods of development, the plant roots can also benefit from phosphorous within 5mm area. Hence,
In grains, it is needed to apply phosphorous fertilizers to soil before planting or during the planting.
In fruits (having soft seed especially), it is applied during leaf falling period or after harvest in one part.
In vegetables, all phosphorous fertilizer should be applied in root depth namely to base of seedling planting mixture during the planting.
In vineyards in dry conditions, phosphorous must be applied with nitrogen by winter excavation and plough in January, February at the latest. In irriguous conditions, phosphorous and a half of nitrogen and whole potassium must be applied in winter excavation under plough.
TIME TO APPLY POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS
At determination of usage time of potassium fertilizers, the clay coverage of soil and amount of fertilizer to be used will be taken into consideration. If soil is a clay rich soil, potassium fertilizers are given before planting. If clay coverage is low, it must be applied after planting since there will be washing danger. If need of potassium is more; some of fertilizer is applied in planting period and rest is applied in determined period of development.
Need of potassium is so many in soft seed fruits. So it is applied during the period of leave falling or after harvest.
In vegetables, it is applied a few times during growing period. This periods are period of efflorescence before planting and getting mature of fruits. In some vegetable sorts, phosphorous fertilizers are applied to soil 2-3 weeks before planting.
In vineyards, it is applied in winter period. Potassium sulfate fertilizer must not be used at plants having sensitivity against chloride.